Technologies developed in the last decade have made viable the use of lignocellulosic materials for the production of ethanol. However, to improve the fermentative yield some improvements are necessary, among them the search for new microorganisms capable of fermenting sugars with five carbons. Thus, the present research aimed to determine the best pH and temperature for Pichia membranifaciens LJ04 in synthetic medium containing pentose, aiming at the biotechnological production of ethanol from hemicellulosic hydrolysate. The experimental design was completely randomized in Split-Split-Plot, with 3 replicates. The main treatments were pHs (3.5, 4.0 and 4.5), the secondary were temperatures (32 ºC, 37 ºC and 40 ºC) and the tertiary were fermentation periods (0, 6, 12 and 24 hours). It was determined in this study that the ideal conditions were temperature of 32 ºC and pH 4.0-4.5. With these conditions there was higher xylose consumption, high ethanol production, low production of secondary compounds and high rates of cell viability during fermentation.

ABSTRACT One of the most important steps is to clarify the juice, which are added synthetic polymer acrylamide base, aiming the fast settling of impurities present in the juice. However, this input is expensive and may have carcinogenic and neurotoxic actions to humans. The search for new natural flocculants that have similarity with the commercial product is of great value. A bioextract that may be promising and has coagulant action is the Moringa oleifera Lam. In this context, the objective of the research was to evaluate the consequences of the use of moringa seed extracts and various concentrations of commercial polymer, such as sedimentation aids in clarifying sugarcane juice in the ethanol production, comparing the efficiency of the bioextract moringa. In the treatment of the juice, excessive addition of flocculants can result in reduction of sugars. The bioflocculant moringa was similar in technological features and the fermentative viability compared to usual dose of commercial polymer in Brazil. The fermentation efficiency was also higher for this flocculant, followed by moringa extract. The results obtained in this research indicate potential to the moringa bioextract, particularly in countries where the doses of flocculants are higher than 5 mg.L-1.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o gosto amargo, sabor fermentado e sabor queimado de nove amostras (mole/clara, dura/clara, rio/clara, mole/expresso, dura/expresso, rio/expresso, mole/escura, dura/escura e rio/escura) da bebida café (Coffea arabica L.) por meio da análise Tempo-Intensidade (TI). Foram avaliados seis parâmetros da curva: tempo para atingir a intensidade máxima (TImáx), intensidade máxima do estímulo (Imáx), tempo correspondente ao ponto onde a intensidade máxima começa a declinar (Td), tempo de duração da intensidade máxima (Platô), área sob a curva (Área) e tempo total de duração do estímulo (Ttot). A análise demonstrou que as amostras de torra escura tiveram maior intensidade máxima (Imáx) e tempo de duração do estímulo (Ttot) para gosto amargo e sabor queimado, sendo que as amostras de torra clara apresentaram menor intensidade destes estímulos. Em relação ao sabor fermentado, a amostra rio/expresso foi a que apresentou maior intensidade.

The present work had as objective to evaluate the bitter taste, fermented flavor and burned flavor of nine samples (soft/light, hard/light, rio/light, soft/express, hard/express, rio/express, soft/dark, hard/dark and rio/dark) of the drink coffee (Coffea arabica L.) through the analysis Time-Intensity (TI). Six parameters of the curve were evaluated: time to reach the maximum intensity (TImáx), maximum intensity of the incentive (Imáx), time corresponding to the point where the maximum intensity begins to refuse (Td), time of duration of the maximum intensity (Plateau), area under the curve (Área) and total time of duration of the incentive (Ttot). The analysis demonstrated that the samples of dark toast had larger maximum intensity (Imáx) and time of duration of the incentive (Ttot) for bitter taste and burned flavor, while the samples of light toast presented smaller intensity of these stimulus. For the fermented flavor, the sample rio/express was the one that presented larger intensity.

A Phase 1 double-blind placebo-controlled study was performed to evaluate a vaccine against American tegumentary leishmaniasis in 61 healthy male volunteers. Side effects and the immune response to the vaccine were evaluated, with 1- and 2- dose schemes, with intervals of 7 or 21 days, each dose containing 1440 mg of protein N antigen of a single strain of Leishmania amazonensis (PH 8) diluted in merthiolated saline (1:10,000). Merthiolated saline and an inert substance were used as placebos. No significant clinical alterations were found following the respective injections in the vaccinated individuals as compared to the placebos, except for local pain, which was associated significantly with injection of the vaccine. The laboratory alterations we observed bore no association with the clinical findings and were unimportant. We observed no differences between the groups with regard to seroconversion or the Montenegro skin test. However, the group that received a single dose of the vaccine and the one that received two doses with a 21-day interval displayed cutaneous induration significantly larger than in the control group, with 100%, 100%, and 66% conversion in the skin test, respectively. We concluded that the vaccine does not present any major side effect that would contraindicate its use in healthy individuals.